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bretton woods

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bretton woods 布雷頓森林〔美國游覽勝地〕。

布雷頓森林〔美國游覽勝地〕。 “wood“ 中文翻譯：    wood2 adj. 〔古語〕 1.失去理智 ...“bretton woods agreement“ 中文翻譯：   >; 布雷頓森林協定“bretton woods agreement act“ 中文翻譯：   布雷頓森林協定法“bretton woods conference“ 中文翻譯：   布里頓森林會議“bretton woods era“ 中文翻譯：   布雷頓森林時代“bretton woods monetary agreements“ 中文翻譯：   布雷頓森林貨幣協定“bretton woods monetary system“ 中文翻譯：   布雷頓林貨幣體系; 布雷頓森林貨幣體系“bretton woods regime“ 中文翻譯：   布雷頓林貨幣體系; 布雷頓森林貨幣體系“bretton woods system“ 中文翻譯：   布萊登國際貨幣制度; 布雷頓森“系; 布雷頓森林貨幣體系4; 布雷頓森林體系; 布雷頓森林協定; 布雷頓森林制度; 布里敦森林體系“the bretton woods system“ 中文翻譯：   布雷頓森林體系“bretton“ 中文翻譯：   woods布雷頓森林; 布雷東; 布雷頓“in the woods“ 中文翻譯：   羅生門; 在森林里“into the woods“ 中文翻譯：   走進叢林“the woods“ 中文翻譯：   鬼森林; 神秘森林“woods“ 中文翻譯：   木本群落; 木桿; 森林, 樹林; 威廉姆; 伍茲“bretton wood“ 中文翻譯：   布雷頓森林“west bretton“ 中文翻譯：   西布雷頓“bretton wood agreement“ 中文翻譯：   布里頓森林協議“17go in the woods“ 中文翻譯：   上廁所“a howling in the woods“ 中文翻譯：   小鎮奇案“a night in the woods“ 中文翻譯：   林中夜晚“alone in the woods“ 中文翻譯：   新小鬼當家“area of woods“ 中文翻譯：   森林面積“babe in the woods“ 中文翻譯：   初出茅廬的人“back woods“ 中文翻譯：   偏遠的森林地區

The bretton woods accord was established to create a stable environment in which global economies could re - establish themselves through the pegging of currencies and the international monetary fund “ imf “ , hoping to stabilize the global economic situation 布雷頓森林體制建立了外匯的掛鉤制度，其目的在于為各國戰后重建和促進全球經濟復蘇指定一個穩定的環境，國際貨幣基金組織也希望借此能穩定世界經濟運行。

Tl1e collgue of bretton woods system incnd great i ~ arity “ and disorder in intemational monetary system , in which the exchange rates satv a longrun and high volatilit } 布雷頓森林體系崩潰后，國際貨幣制度陷入無規則甚至混亂狀態。在這種國際貨幣制度下，匯率長時期地大幅波動。

Dooley , m . , d . folkerts - landau and p . garber , 2003 , “ an essay on the revived bretton woods system “ , nber working paper no . 9971 , , cambridge ( massachusetts ) 當然美元對歐元和日元大幅度貶值將打擊歐元區和日本經濟,其收入效應會部分抵消中國對這些國家出口的價格效應

There have been few other “ fixers “ since the bretton woods system broke down in the early 1970s 七十年代初布雷頓森林制度崩潰以來，除此以外，再無出現太多其他的固定匯率的例子。

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Increasingly , the focus is not so much on architecture building something grand and visible to replace the now defunct bretton woods system but on infrastructure : laying down the connections and making sure they work properly rather than building walls and barriers 同時，大家焦點再不是集中在架構上設立一些有形和崇高的制度來取代現已過時的布雷頓森林體系而是基礎設施：建立聯系，并確保這些聯系有效運作，而不是筑起壁壘。

The bretton woods accord , the first major transformation , occurred towards the end of world war ii : the united states , great britain and france met at the united nations monetary and financial conference in bretton woods , new hampshire , to design a new economic order 二戰后期的美國英國和法國聯手建立的布雷頓森林體制，設計了一個新的世界經濟秩序的規則。直到第二次世界大戰，英國和英鎊是最為主要用于匯率比較的貨幣。

Compare the poverty of the interwar years , when america s retreat from the world helped turn recession into the great depression , with the unparalleled prosperity of the half - century following the end of world war ii , when american economic leadership built the bretton woods institutions 非洲的問題不僅是貧窮與落后而已。但經濟成長對提升非洲的生活水準，及成功地面對非洲長久的政治、安全與衛生保健挑戰極為重要。

The creation of the united nations and the bretton woods institutions . the marshall plan . the founding of nato . and the long hard struggle to victory in the cold war - all these efforts succeeded because they had bipartisan support 他總結地說，美國的長程軍事部署對東南亞地區的持續穩定與繁榮是不可或缺的。經由在東南亞不斷地進行戰略、軍事及經濟的參與，美國人民現在可以從我們數十年前在越戰中的犧牲而受惠。

The bretton woods accord was established to create a stable environment in which global economies could re - establish themselves through the pegging of currencies and the international monetary fund “ imf “ , hoping to stabilize the global economic situation 布雷頓森林體制建立了外匯的掛鉤制度，其目的在于為各國戰后重建和促進全球經濟復蘇指定一個穩定的環境，國際貨幣基金組織也希望借此能穩定世界經濟運行。

Since the end of world war ii european currencies had been loosely linked to the united states dollar in a system set up at the bretton woods conference , which aimed to iron out wild exchange rate fluctuations following the abandonment of the gold standard 二戰結束以來，為了消除由于取消金本位制而引起的匯率大幅度變動的情況，歐洲各國的貨幣根據布雷頓森林會議所確立的體制，與美元建立了松散的聯系。

The first section of this paper summarizes the experiences of pegged exchange rate in developing countries after bretton woods system . section 2 discusses the theory on exiting mechanism , analysis the exit precondition , policy arrangement , exit steps and so on 第二部分對目前有關退出釘住匯率制的理論進行了描述，具體分析了退出釘住匯率制的時機，前提條件、相關政策搭配以及退出步驟等有關問題。

After the development of the gold standard , the bretton woods system and the jamaica system , under the background of global finance integrated , it appears regional exchange rate coordinate arrangement and monetary regionalization 國際貨幣制度在經歷從金本位制、布雷頓森林體系到牙買加體系的演變后，在全球金融一體化的背景下又出現了區域匯率協調安排和貨幣區域化趨勢。

Currency crises have occurred more frequently and have been more destructive since the bretton woods collapsed in the early 1970 ' s . especially , the asian crisis in1997 and 1998 had a strong impact on the world ' s economy 1970年布雷頓森林體系崩潰之后,貨幣危機的發生越來越頻繁,而且越來越具有破壞力,特別是1997年和1998年的亞洲金融危機對世界經濟帶來的強烈的沖擊。

In the 70 ' s of 20th century , along with the disorganization of bretton woods , the burst of the mineral oil crisis , and the financial market ’ s internationalization , the risk in the financial market has become uncertain continuously 20世紀70年代,隨著布雷頓森林體系的解體,石油危機的爆發,金融國際化的不斷加劇,金融市場上的風險不斷增大。

The western economic researchers began to study foreign exchange reserve ( fer ) a long time ago . under bretton woods system fixed exchange rate was executed and us dollar dominated international monetary system 對于外匯儲備管理問題,西方經濟學者很早就已開始研究,在布雷頓森林體系下實行固定匯率制度,美元在國際貨幣體系中居于主導地位。

Since the establishment of bretton woods institutions , the world bank has always been dominated by the few large share - holding nations , developing nations have long been excluded by the decision - making system of world bank 自布雷頓森林體系建立以來,世界銀行長期被少數金融大國所控制,而將廣大發展中國家排斥在決策機制之外。

The monetary system of the western world is based on the agreement on the establishment of the international monetary fund （ imf ） , which was made at bretton woods , new hampshire （ usa ） , in 1944 西方世界的貨幣體系是根據1944年在美國新罕布什爾州布雷頓森林制定的關于建立國際貨幣基金組織協議而形成的。

I describe nearly a dozen of exchange rate regimes which are chosen by modern countries , such as exchange rate target zone , adjustable peg regime , and the bretton woods system 然后區分了不同的匯率制度，概括了其特征，提出了匯率制度選擇的基本理論? ? “依附論”和“經濟論” 。

Tl1e collgue of bretton woods system incnd great i ~ arity “ and disorder in intemational monetary system , in which the exchange rates satv a longrun and high volatilit } 布雷頓森林體系崩潰后，國際貨幣制度陷入無規則甚至混亂狀態。在這種國際貨幣制度下，匯率長時期地大幅波動。